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anatomy murder
An anatomy murder (sometimes called burking in British English) is a murder committed in order to use all or part of the cadaver for medical research or teaching. It is not a medicine murder because the body parts are not believed to have any medicinal use in themselves. The motive for the murder is created by the demand for cadavers for dissection, and the opportunity to learn anatomy and physiology as a result of the dissection. Rumors concerning the prevalence of anatomy murders are associated with the rise in demand for cadavers in research and teaching produced by the Scientific Revolution. During the 19th century, the sensational serial murders associated with Burke and Hare and the London Burkers led to legislation which provided scientists and medical schools with legal ways of obtaining cadavers. Rumors persist that anatomy murders are carried out wherever there is a high demand for cadavers. These rumors, like those concerning organ theft, are hard to substantiate, and may reflect continued, deep-held fears of the use of cadavers as commodities.
==History==
Dissection as a way of acquiring medical knowledge existed since the ancient world, but during the Renaissance, increasingly widespread clandestine practices of post-mortem dissection led to fears that victims, especially the poor and outcast, would be murdered for their cadavers. Andreas Vesalius made it clear that he had taken human remains from graveyards and ossuaries for his classic anatomical text ''De humani corporis fabrica''. Both he and his successor, Gabriele Falloppio, were rumored to have practiced human vivisection, although these rumors were not substantiated; however, Falloppio himself reported that he was asked by the judicial authorities to carry out an execution on a condemned criminal, whose cadaver he then dissected.〔Katherine Park (1994), "The Criminal and the Saintly Body: Autopsy and Dissection in Renaissance Italy" ''Renaissance Quarterly'', Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 1-33〕 During the 18th century, prominent British obstetrician William Smellie was accused of obtaining cadavers for his illustrated textbook on childbirth through murder.〔Don Shelton (2010),"The Emperor's new clothes" ''Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine'',103:46-50, 166-7, 205-6〕 In 1751, Helen Torrence and Jean Waldie were convicted of murdering John Dallas, aged 8 or 9, and selling his cadaver to medical students in Edinburgh.〔http://edinburghsdarkside.blogspot.com/2007/04/helen-torrence-and-jean-waldie.html〕
The great expansion in medical education in Great Britain in the early 19th century as a result of the Napoleonic Wars led to increased demand for cadavers for dissection. Body-snatching became more widespread, and local communities reacted by setting guards around graveyards.〔Lisa Rosner (2010), ''The Anatomy Murders''. University of Pennsylvania Press〕 In 1828, Parliament convened a select committee to examine the means by which cadavers were obtained for medical schools.〔Ruth Richardson (2001). ''Death, Dissection, and the Destitute''. University of Chicago Press.〕 Ironically, this was the same period when the most notorious of the anatomy murders were carried out by William Burke and William Hare. They killed 16 people over the course of a year, selling the cadavers to the anatomist Robert Knox.〔Sherwin Nuland (2001), "The Edinburgh Anatomy Murders" http://cpmcnet.columbia.edu/dept/cs/residency/grandRounds.html〕 Two years later, the London Burkers, John Bishop and Thomas Williams, murdered a boy identified as Carlo Ferrari and attempted to sell his cadaver to a London surgeon.〔Sarah Wise (2004). ''The Italian Boy''. Metropolitan Books.〕
The most recent account of anatomy murders was in 1992, when a Colombian activist, Juan Pablo Ordoñez, claimed that 14 poor residents of Barranquilla, Colombia, had been killed to provide cadavers for the local medical school.〔Mary Roach (2003). ''Stiff''. W.W. Norton.〕 One of the alleged victims managed to escape from his assailants and his account was publicized by the international press.〔http://www.davemarcus.com/content/corpse-selling-case-outrages-colombians-police-say-homeless-slain-get-bodies-med-school〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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